Tense
Tense :- (1) present tense
: - (2) Past tense
:- (3) future tense
1 • present tense
(a) Simple Present Tense:-
Simple Present Tense ka use hum daily routine, universal truth, habits, and general facts express karne ke liye karte hain.
Structure of Simple Present Tense:
1. Affirmative: Subject + Verb (s/es for singular) + Object
• He plays football.
• They study daily.
2. Negative: Subject + Do/Does + Not + Verb + Object
• He does not like tea.
• They do not watch TV.
3. Interrogative: Do/Does + Subject + Verb + Object?
• Does she dance well?
• Do you read books?
Uses of Simple Present Tense:
1. Daily Routine & Habitual Actions
• I wake up at 6 AM.
• She drinks coffee every morning.
• They go to school by bus.
2. Universal Truth & Facts
• The sun rises in the east.
• Water boils at 100°C.
• The Earth revolves around the sun.
3. Fixed Schedules & Timetable
• The train leaves at 8 PM.
• My class starts at 9 AM.
• The movie begins at 7 PM.
4. General Statements & Permanent Situations
• He works in a bank.
• She speaks English fluently.
• We live in India.
5. Instructions & Directions
• Open your books.
• Turn left at the next signal.
• Mix sugar with milk.
6. Future Events (in a timetable manner)
• The match starts at 5 PM.
No• The shop opens tomorrow at 10 AM.
(B) Present Continuous Tense:-
Present Continuous Tense ka use chalu ya ho rahi kriya (ongoing actions) ko express karne ke liye hota hai.
Structure of Present Continuous Tense:
1. Affirmative:
Subject + is/am/are + Verb (ing) + Object
• She is watching TV.
• They are playing football
• I am studying for my test
2. Negative:
Subject + is/am/are + not + Verb (ing) + Object
• She is not watching TV
• They are not playing football.
• I am not studying for my test.
3. Interrogative:
Is/Am/Are + Subject + Verb (ing) + Object?
• Is she watching TV?
• Are they playing football?
• Am I studying for my test?
Uses of Present Continuous Tense:
1. Action happening at the moment (abhi ho raha hai)
• She is studying for her exam.
• They are playing cricket.
• I am writing a letter.
2. Temporary actions
• He is staying with his uncle for a few days.
• We are living in Delhi this month.
3. Future planned actions
• I am going to Mumbai next week.
• She is meeting her friend tomorrow.
4. Changing situations
• The climate is getting warmer.
• Technology is advancing rapidly.
5. Complaints (with “always”)
• He is always disturbing me.
• They are always coming late.
(C) Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense ka use un actions ko batane ke liye hota hai jo abhi tak complete ho chuke hain ya past me start hue the aur ab tak effect me hain.
Structure of Present Perfect Tense
1. Affirmative:
Subject + has/have + Past Participle (V3) + Object
• She has completed her work.
• They have gone to the market.
2. Negative:
Subject + has/have + not + Past Participle (V3) + Object
• She has not completed her work.
• They have not gone to the market.
3. Interrogative:
Has/Have + Subject + Past Participle (V3) + Object?
• Has she completed her work?
• Have they gone to the market?
Uses of Present Perfect Tense
1. Recently completed actions (Abhi abhi complete hua kaam)
• I have finished my homework.
• She has just arrived home.
2. Life experiences (Kabhi bhi kiya gaya kaam)
• I have visited the Taj Mahal.
• He has never eaten sushi.
3. Past actions with present effect (Past ka effect ab tak hai)
• I have lost my keys. (Abhi tak nahi mile)
• She has broken her leg. (Ab tak dukh raha hai)
4. Unspecified time actions (Jiska time mention na ho)
• They have seen this movie before.
• He has traveled to Europe.
5. Repeated actions till now (Baar-baar hone wale actions)
• I have visited this place three times.
• She has called me twice today.
Examples:
✔ Affirmative:
• I have met him before.
• She has finished her lunch.
❌ Negative:
• I have not met him before.
• She has not finished her lunch.
❓ Interrogative:
• Have you met him before?
• Has she finished her lunch?
(D) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense ka use un actions ke liye hota hai jo past me start hue the aur ab tak continue hain. Is tense me since aur for ka use hota hai.
Structure of Present Perfect Continuous Tense
1. Affirmative (Positive Sentence):
Subject + has/have + been + Verb (ing) + Object + (since/for + time)
• She has been studying for three hours.
• They have been playing football since morning.
2. Negative:
Subject + has/have + not + been + Verb (ing) + Object + (since/for + time)
• She has not been studying for three hours.
• They have not been playing football since morning.
3. Interrogative (Questions):
Has/Have + Subject + been + Verb (ing) + Object + (since/for + time)?
• Has she been studying for three hours?
• Have they been playing football since morning?
Uses of Present Perfect Continuous Tense
1. Jab koi kaam past me shuru hua aur ab tak chal raha hai
• I have been waiting for you since 5 PM.
• She has been working in this company for two years.
2. Jab koi action past me start hua aur uska effect abhi bhi hai
• He has been running, so he is tired now.
• She has been crying, that’s why her eyes are red.
3. “Since” aur “For” ka use
• Since ka use specific time ke saath hota hai:
• I have been living here since 2010.
• She has been working here since Monday.
• For ka use duration ke saath hota hai:
• I have been living here for 10 years.
• She has been working here for 5 days.
Examples:
✔ Affirmative:
• He has been teaching English for 5 years.
• I have been reading this book since morning.
❌ Negative:
• He has not been teaching English for 5 years.
• I have not been reading this book since morning.
❓ Interrogative:
• Has he been teaching English for 5 years?
• Have I been reading this book since morning?
Practice Questions
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb:
• She ______ (work) in this office since 2020.
• They ______ (play) football for two hours.
• I ______ (wait) for the bus since morning.
• He ______ (study) hard for the exams.
• We ______ (not/sleep) for the last two nights.
2. Convert into Negative & Interrogative:
• She has been cooking food since 5 PM.
• They have been learning English for six months.
• He has been talking on the phone for an hour.
• I have been feeling unwell since last night.
• The kids have been watching cartoons for two hours.
Since vs. For ka Use
Present Perfect Tense me “since” aur “for” ka use time duration batane ke liye hota hai.
1. “Since” ka use
Since ka use specific point of time (कोई निश्चित समय) ke saath hota hai, jab se koi action shuru hua aur ab tak continue hai.
⏳ “Since” ke saath kaunse words aate hain?
✔ Years: since 2000, since 2015
✔ Months: since January, since June
✔ Days: since Monday, since Friday
✔ Time of day: since morning, since evening
✔ Events: since my birthday, since childhood
Examples:
• I have lived in Delhi since 2015. (2015 se ab tak reh raha hoon)
• She has worked here since Monday. (Monday se ab tak kaam kar rahi hai)
• He has not eaten anything since morning. (Subah se kuch nahi khaya)
• They have been friends since childhood. (Bachpan se dosti hai)
2. “For” ka use
For ka use duration of time
⏳ “For” ke saath kaunse words aate hain?
✔ Years: for 5 years, for 10 years
✔ Months: for 3 months, for 6 months
✔ Weeks: for 2 weeks, for 4 weeks
✔ Days: for 5 days, for 10 days
✔ Hours/Minutes: for 2 hours, for 30 minute
✔ A long time: for a long time, for ages
Examples:
• I have lived in Delhi for 8 years. (8 saal se reh raha hoon)
• She has worked here for 5 days. (5 din se kaam kar rahi hai)
• He has not eaten anything for 3 hours. (3 ghante se kuch nahi khaya)
• They have been friends for a long time. (Bohot time se dost hain)
2 . Past Tense
(a) Simple Past Tense
ka use kisi past (beete hue) action ya event ko express karne ke liye hota hai.
Structure of Simple Past Tense
1. Affirmative Sentence (Positive Statement)
Structure:
Subject + V² (Past form of the verb) + Object
Examples:
• She went to the market.
• They played football yesterday.
• I finished my homework on time.
2. Negative Sentence
Structure:
Subject + did not + V¹ (Base form of the verb) + Object
Examples:
• She did not go to the market.
• They did not play football yesterday.
• I did not finish my homework on time.
3. Interrogative Sentence (Questions)
Structure:
Did + Subject + V¹ (Base form of the verb) + Object?
Examples:
• Did she go to the market?
• Did they play football yesterday?
• Did I finish my homework on time?
Uses of Simple Past Tense
1. Completed actions in the past (Jo kaam past me ho chuka ho)
• Example: I visited the Taj Mahal last year.
2. Past habits or repeated actions (Jo kaam hum past me regular karte the)
• Example: She played football when she was a child.
3. A sequence of past events (Ek ke baad ek hone wale kaam)
• Example: He woke up, brushed his teeth, and went to work.
4. Past facts or general truths that are no longer true
• Example: People used to write letters before emails were invented.
5. With time expressions like yesterday, last week, in 2000, etc.
• Example: They moved to Delhi in 2015.
(B) Past Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense ka use kisi aise kaam ko express karne ke liye hota hai jo past me kisi specific time par chal raha tha.
Structure of Past Continuous Tense
1. Affirmative Sentence (Positive Statement)
Structure:
Subject + was/were + V¹ + ing + Object
Examples:
• She was reading a book.
• They were playing football.
• I was sleeping when you called.
2. Negative Sentence
Structure:
Subject + was/were + not + V¹ + ing + Object
Examples:
• She was not reading a book.
• They were not playing football.
• I was not sleeping when you called.
3. Interrogative Sentence (Questions)
Structure:
Was/Were + Subject + V¹ + ing + Object?
Examples:
• Was she reading a book?
• Were they playing football?
• Was I sleeping when you called?
Uses of Past Continuous Tense
1. Past action that was happening at a specific time
• Example: Yesterday at 5 PM, I was studying.
2. Two actions happening simultaneously in the past
• Example: She was cooking while I was watching TV.
3. An interrupted past action (Ek kaam ho raha tha, tabhi doosra kaam hua)
• Example: I was sleeping when the phone rang.
4. To describe background scenes in a story
• Example: The birds were singing, and the sun was shining.
(C) past perfect tense
(C) Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense ka use past me kisi ek action ke hone se pehle doosre action ko express karne ke liye hota hai.
Structure of Past Perfect Tense
1. Affirmative Sentence (Positive Statement)
Structure:
Subject + had + V³ (Past participle) + Object
Examples:
• She had completed her homework before dinner.
• They had already left when we arrived.
• I had never seen such a beautiful place before.
2. Negative Sentence
Structure:
Subject + had not + V³ (Past participle) + Object
Examples:
• She had not completed her homework before dinner.
• They had not left when we arrived.
• I had not seen such a beautiful place before.
3. Interrogative Sentence (Questions)
Structure:
Had + Subject + V³ (Past participle) + Object?
Examples:
• Had she completed her homework before dinner?
• Had they left when you arrived?
• Had you seen that movie before?
Use of Past Perfect Tense
1. Two past actions, where one happened before the other
• Example: When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.
2. To describe an action completed before a specific time in the past
• Example: By 10 AM, she had finished her work.
3. With “just” to show an action happened shortly before another past action
• Example: He had just gone out when I called him.
4. In reported speech
• Example: She said that she had seen the movie before.
(D) Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense ka use kisi past me ek action jo kisi dusre past action se pehle ek samay tak chal raha tha ko express karne ke liye hota hai.
Uses of Past Perfect Continuous Tense
1. Koi kaam past me ek samay tak chal raha tha, fir dusra action hua
• Example: She had been studying for two hours before her mother called her.
2. Kisi kaam ki duration batane ke liye (since/for ke saath)
• Example: They had been living in Mumbai for five years before they moved to Delhi.
3. Cause and Effect (Ek action ki wajah se doosra action past me hua)
• Example: He was tired because he had been running for an hour.
Structure of Past Perfect Continuous Tense
1. Affirmative Sentence (Positive Statement)
Structure:
Subject + had been + V¹ + ing + Object + since/for + time
Examples:
• She had been reading for two hours before the lights went out.
• They had been playing football since morning.
• I had been waiting for him for 30 minutes before he arrived.
2. Negative Sentence
Structure:
Subject + had not been + V¹ + ing + Object + since/for + time
Examples:
• She had not been reading before the lights went out.
• They had not been playing football since morning.
• I had not been waiting for him for 30 minutes.
3. Interrogative Sentence (Questions)
Structure:
Had + Subject + been + V¹ + ing + Object + since/for + time?
Examples:
• Had she been reading for two hours before the lights went out?
• Had they been playing football since morning?
• Had I been waiting for him for 30 minutes before he arrived?
(A) Simple Future Tense
Simple Future Tense ka use kisi bhi aane wale (future) action ya event ko express karne ke liye hota hai.
Structure of Simple Future Tense
1. Affirmative Sentence (Positive Statement)
Structure:
Subject + will + V¹ (Base form) + Object
Examples:
• She will visit her grandmother next week.
• They will complete the project soon.
• I will call you later.
2. Negative Sentence
Structure:
Subject + will not (won’t) + V¹ + Object
Examples:
• She will not visit her grandmother next week.
• They will not complete the project soon.
• I will not call you later.
3. Interrogative Sentence (Questions)
Structure:
Will + Subject + V¹ + Object?
Examples:
• Will she visit her grandmother next week?
• Will they complete the project soon?
• Will I call you later?
Uses of Simple Future Tense
1. Future Predictions (Bhavishya ke baare mein batane ke liye)
• Example: It will rain tomorrow.
2. Instant Decisions (Jaldi mein liye gaye faisle)
• Example: I will help you with your homework.
3. Promises & Offers (Vaade ya madad dene ke liye)
• Example: I will call you later.
4. Threats & Warnings (Dhamki ya chetavni dene ke liye)
• Example: You will regret this decision.
5. Planned Future Events (Aane wale events ya actions ke liye)
• Example: She will start college next month.
(B) future continuous tense
(B) Future Continuous Tense
Future Continuous Tense ka use kisi action jo future me kisi specific time par ho raha hoga ko express karne ke liye hota hai.
Structure of Future Continuous Tense
1. Affirmative Sentence (Positive Statement)
Structure:
Subject + will be + V¹ + ing + Object
Examples:
• She will be attending a meeting at 5 PM.
• They will be playing football in the evening.
• I will be watching TV at 9 PM.
2. Negative Sentence
Structure:
Subject + will not (won’t) be + V¹ + ing + Object
Examples:
• She will not be attending a meeting at 5 PM.
• They will not be playing football in the evening.
• I will not be watching TV at 9 PM.
3. Interrogative Sentence (Questions)
Structure:
Will + Subject + be + V¹ + ing + Object?
Examples:
• Will she be attending a meeting at 5 PM?
• Will they be playing football in the evening?
• Will I be watching TV at 9 PM?
Uses of Future Continuous Tense
1. Koi kaam future me kisi samay tak ho raha hoga
• Example: This time tomorrow, I will be traveling to Delhi.
2. Future me kisi action ka continuity dikhane ke liye
• Example: She will be studying all night for her exams.
3. Polite questions ya requests ke liye
• Example: Will you be coming to the party tonight?
4. Kisi scheduled ya fixed event ke liye
• Example: The train will be arriving at 6 PM.
(C) Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense ka use kisi aane wale samay tak ek action ke poora ho chukne ko express karne ke liye hota hai.
Structure of Future Perfect Tense
1. Affirmative Sentence (Positive Statement)
Structure:
Subject + will have + V³ (Past participle) + Object
Examples:
• She will have completed her assignment by Monday.
• They will have left before you reach there.
• I will have finished my work by 5 PM.
2. Negative Sentence
Structure:
Subject + will not (won’t) have + V³ + Object
Examples:
• She will not have completed her assignment by Monday.
• They will not have left before you reach there.
• I will not have finished my work by 5 PM.
3. Interrogative Sentence (Questions)
Structure:
Will + Subject + have + V³ + Object?
Examples:
• Will she have completed her assignment by Monday?
• Will they have left before you reach there?
• Will I have finished my work by 5 PM?
Uses of Future Perfect Tense
1. Koi kaam future me ek specific time tak complete ho chuka hoga
• Example: By 10 AM tomorrow, she will have finished her homework.
2. Kisi doosre future action se pehle ek kaam complete ho chuka hoga
• Example: By the time you arrive, we will have left.
3. Kisi action ke expected completion ko dikhane ke liye
• Example: He will have written five books by next year.
(D) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Continuous Tense ka use kisi action jo future me kisi specific time tak ek duration tak chal raha hoga ko express karne ke liye hota hai.
Structure of Future Perfect Continuous Tense
1. Affirmative Sentence (Positive Statement)
Structure:
Subject + will have been + V¹ + ing + Object + since/for + time
Examples:
• She will have been studying for three hours by the time you arrive.
• They will have been living in Delhi for ten years by next year.
• I will have been working here for six months by December.
2. Negative Sentence
Structure:
Subject + will not (won’t) have been + V¹ + ing + Object + since/for + time
Examples:
• She will not have been studying for three hours by the time you arrive.
• They will not have been living in Delhi for ten years by next year.
• I will not have been working here for six months by December.
3. Interrogative Sentence (Questions)
Structure:
Will + Subject + have been + V¹ + ing + Object + since/for + time?
Examples:
• Will she have been studying for three hours by the time you arrive?
• Will they have been living in Delhi for ten years by next year?
• Will I have been working here for six months by December?
Uses of Future Perfect Continuous Tense
1. Koi kaam future me ek specific time tak ek duration tak chal raha hoga
• Example: By next month, she will have been working in this company for five years.
2. Future me kisi action ki continuity ko show karne ke liye
• Example: By 8 PM, they will have been traveling for ten hours.
3. Since/For ke saath kisi future action ke duration ko batane ke liye
• Example: By 2026, I will have been studying engineering for four years.